| Language | US English |
| Inclusion criteria | "at least minimal evidence of non-fluent output"; lesion including precentral gyrus or underlying white matter |
| Number of individuals with aphasia | 14 |
| Number of control participants | 0 |
| Were any of the participants included in any previous studies? | No |
| Is age reported for patients and controls, and matched? | Yes (intention group: mean 72.1 ± 10.5 years; control group: mean 63.0 ± 9.2 years) |
| Is sex reported for patients and controls, and matched? | Yes (males: 8; females: 6) |
| Is handedness reported for patients and controls, and matched? | Yes (right: 14; left: 0) |
| Is time post stroke onset reported and appropriate to the study design? | Yes (intention group: mean 37.4 ± 33.5 months, range 12-87 months; control group: 38.1 ± 37.4 months, range 10-112 months) |
| To what extent is the nature of aphasia characterized? | Severity and type |
| Language evaluation | WAB, BNT, PPVT |
| Aphasia severity | Intention group: AQ mean 65.5 ± 8.3; control group: AQ mean 71.9 ± 11.9 |
| Aphasia type | Intention group: 4 conduction, 2 Broca's, 1 anomic; control group: 4 anomic, 1 Broca's, 1 conduction, 1 transcortical motor |
| First stroke only? | No |
| Stroke type | Mixed etiologies |
| To what extent is the lesion distribution characterized? | Lesion overlay |
| Lesion extent | Not stated |
| Lesion location | L MCA, extending frontally at least into the precentral gyrus or underlying white matter |
| Participants notes | — |
| Modality | fMRI |
| Is the study cross-sectional or longitudinal? | Longitudinal—chronic treatment |
| If longitudinal, at what time point(s) were imaging data acquired? | T1: pre-treatment/chronic; T2: post-treatment; T3: 3 months after the end of treatment |
| If longitudinal, was there any intervention between the time points? | Word finding therapy for both groups, but the intention group had to produce complex left hand movements, while the control group did not; note that groups were not directly compared in any imaging analyses |
| Is the scanner described? | Yes (Philips Achieva 3 Tesla) |
| Is the timing of stimulus presentation and image acquisition clearly described and appropriate? | No (total images acquired not stated) |
| Design type | Event-related |
| Total images acquired | not stated |
| Are the imaging acquisition parameters, including coverage, adequately described and appropriate? | Yes (whole brain) |
| Is preprocessing and intrasubject coregistration adequately described and appropriate? | No (not described) |
| Is first level model fitting adequately described and appropriate? | No (not described clearly) |
| Is intersubject normalization adequately described and appropriate? | No (lesion impact not addressed) |
| Imaging notes | — |
| Language condition | Word generation |
| Control condition | Rest |
| Are the conditions matched for visual demands? | No |
| Are the conditions matched for auditory demands? | No |
| Are the conditions matched for motor demands? | No |
| Are the conditions matched for cognitive/executive demands? | No |
| Is accuracy matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups? | N/A, tasks not comparable |
| Is reaction time matched between the language and control tasks for all relevant groups? | N/A, tasks not comparable |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Are control data reported in this paper or another that is referenced? | No |
| Does the contrast selectively activate plausible relevant language regions in the control group? | Unknown |
| Are activations lateralized in the control data? | Unknown |
| Control activation notes | — |
| Contrast notes | Contrast not described explicitly but there is only one possible contrast |
| First level contrast | Word generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Longitudinal change in aphasia |
| Group(s) | Aphasia with intention treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1 |
| Covariate | — |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Laterality indi(ces) |
| How many ROIs are there? | 3 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↓ LI (frontal) |
| Findings notes | Laterality shift for lateral frontal LI, not medial frontal LI |
| First level contrast | Word generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Longitudinal change in aphasia |
| Group(s) | Aphasia with intention treatment (n = 6) T3 vs T1 |
| Covariate | — |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Laterality indi(ces) |
| How many ROIs are there? | 3 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↓ LI (frontal) |
| Findings notes | Laterality shift for both lateral and medial frontal LIs |
| First level contrast | Word generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Longitudinal change in aphasia |
| Group(s) | Aphasia with control treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1 |
| Covariate | — |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Laterality indi(ces) |
| How many ROIs are there? | 3 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Word generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Longitudinal change in aphasia |
| Group(s) | Aphasia with control treatment (n = 7) T3 vs T1 |
| Covariate | — |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Laterality indi(ces) |
| How many ROIs are there? | 3 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Word generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Longitudinal correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia with intention treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1 |
| Covariate | Δ category-member generation probe performance |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Laterality indi(ces) |
| How many ROIs are there? | 3 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | ↓ LI (temporal) |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Word generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Longitudinal correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia with control treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1 |
| Covariate | Δ category-member generation probe performance |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Laterality indi(ces) |
| How many ROIs are there? | 3 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Word generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Longitudinal correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia with intention treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1 |
| Covariate | Δ picture naming probe performance |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Laterality indi(ces) |
| How many ROIs are there? | 3 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
| First level contrast | Word generation vs rest |
| Analysis class | Longitudinal correlation with language or other measure |
| Group(s) | Aphasia with control treatment (n = 7) T2 vs T1 |
| Covariate | Δ picture naming probe performance |
| Is the second level contrast valid in terms of the group(s), time point(s), and measures involved? | Yes |
| Is accuracy matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Is reaction time matched across the second level contrast? | Unknown, not reported |
| Behavioral data notes | — |
| Type of analysis | Regions of interest (ROI) |
| ROI type | Laterality indi(ces) |
| How many ROIs are there? | 3 |
| What are the ROI(s)? | (1) lateral frontal LI; (2) medial frontal LI; (3) posterior perisylvian LI |
| How are the ROI(s) defined? | |
| Correction for multiple comparisons | No correction |
| Statistical details | — |
| Findings | None |
| Findings notes | — |
